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Contents
Neutron scattering lengths and cross sections of the elements and their isotopes have been taken from NIST.
H2 O
- Isotopically averaged Hydrogen(H2)2 O
- Heavy waterD2 O
- Another way to specify heavy waterEnter a composition as a molecular formula of elements or isotopes.
For example, basic elements might be H
, Fe
or Si
, etc.
A molecular formula of elements might be H4-N2-C3
, which
corresponds to a molecule with 4 Hydrogen atoms, 2 Nitrogen atoms and
3 Carbon atoms. Each element in a molecular formula is followed by
the number of the atoms for that element, specified without a hyphen,
because each element is separated from other elements using a hyphen.
The number of atoms can be integer or float, but must start with a
digit, e.g. 0.6 is fine but .6 is not. This can be used to set elemental ratios
within a chemical composition. For example 95.1% Vanadium 4.9% Niobium can be
expressed as V0.951 Nb0.049
. Warning: Using this representation will
calculate all properties except for SampleNumberDensity which must be
set manually if required
Isotopes may also be included in a material
composition, and can be specified alone (as
in (Li7)
), or in a molecular formula (as in (Li7)2-C-H4-N-Cl6
).
Note, however, that No Spaces or Hyphens are allowed in an isotope
symbol specification. Also Note that for isotopes specified in a
molecular expression, the isotope must be enclosed by parenthesis,
except for two special cases, D
and T
, which stand for H2
and H3
, respectively.
Each of the cross sections (\(\sigma\)) are calculated according to
where \(N_{atoms} = \sum_{i}n_{i}\). A concrete example for the total
cross section of D2 O
The number density is defined as
It can can be generated in one of several ways:
SampleNumberDensity
.ZParameter
and the UnitCellVolume
(or letting
the algorithm calculate it from the OrientedLattice on the
InputWorkspace
).where \(f\) is the packing fraction, \(\rho_m\) is the mass density, \(N_A\) is the Avogadro constant, and \(M_i\) is the relative molecular mass of the ith atom.
SampleEffectiveNumberDensity
and SamplePackingFraction
to calculate it from the equation above.SampleEffectiveNumberDensity
(in this case, the packing fraction is assumed to be 1).SampleEffectiveNumberDensity
or SamplePackingFraction
with the parameters from method 2 or 3.The effective number density, \(\rho_{n,eff}\), should be used for absorption calculations. However, the number density, \(\rho_n\) should be used for refinements and converting between real space representations.
When the number density is provided or generated from one of the above methods, both the packing fraction \(f\) and effective number density \(\rho_{n,eff}\) are computed from the above equation if they were not specified.
The attenuation effect is calculated according to the following formula:
where \(\rho_n\) is in unit of \(\AA^{-3}\), \(t\) is the material thickness in cm, the two attenuation coefficients representing scattering and absorption (\(\mu_s\) and \(\mu_a\) respectively) are calculated as follows:
A detailed version of this is found in [2].
The sum of the two attenuation coefficients can be replaced by an externally measured profile of attenuation versus wavelength if the scattering effect is wavelength dependent eg if a material is crystalline and shows some Bragg edges in its attenuation profile. Mantid supports a space delimited text file format for the externally measured profile containing the following columns:
The Xray Attenuation coefficients can also be provided by text file with the following columns containing:
Any lines not following this format (eg header rows) are ignored. The file must have a .DAT file extension.
The low-\(Q\) limit of \(S(Q)\) is \(-L\) where \(L\) is called the normalized Laue term
The data used in this algorithm comes from the following paper.
Category: Concepts